| 1. | There are two kinds of flood : rain gush flood and ice flood
黄河流域面临两类洪水的威胁，即暴雨洪水和冰凌洪水。 |
| 2. | Freezing is a general phenomenon in the cold area . ice flood is a rise of water when ice is hindered in river course
冰冻是寒冷地区普遍存在的一种自然现象，而凌汛则是河道里的冰凌对水流的阻力作用而引起的一种涨水现象。 |
| 3. | Ice flood is sudden , speedy , permanent , disastrous . it exists in the inner mongolia reach and in the shandong reach of the yellow river
冰凌洪水突发性强、涨势猛、持续时间长、冰凌运行规律较难掌握，产生的灾害有时更甚于暴雨洪水。 |
| 4. | Ice will not only influence shipping , transportation , hydraulic power , water and sewage , but also lead to ice flood and cause huge losses when ice blocks the river course severely
河流中的冰凌不仅直接影响到冬季的航运、交通、引水发电、给排水等水利工程建设事业，而且当冰凌严重阻塞河道时，往往会导致凌洪泛滥成灾，给人民生命财产带来重大损失。 |
| 5. | Because of the location and river characteristics , in winter , the ice flood is very serious and often cause ice flood disaster in inner mongolia reach of the yellow river , so it is one of the most important reaches of preventing ice flood
黄河上游内蒙古河段，由于其所处的地理位置及河道条件等因素，冬季冰情严重，经常产生凌汛灾害，为黄河上重点防凌河段之一。 |
| 6. | During the melting ice flood season , any reservoir upstream a river or lake responsible for the control of melting ice flood must obtain the consent of the relevant flood control headquarters and be subject to its supervision when discharging its flow down stream
在凌汛期，有防凌汛任务的江河的上游水库的下泄水量必须征得有关的防汛指挥机构的同意，并接受其监督。 |
| 7. | In recent years it is more severe because of temperature changes , mankind activities , scouring and silting . the special geographical position , hydrometeorological condition , river course characteristics are main reasons for ice flood
由于近几年来气温的变化、人类活动、河床冲淤等流域环境的变化，使得凌汛的威胁不仅依然存在，而且发生冰害的河段有所增多，影响范围随之扩大。 |
| 8. | Because the complexity of ice evolvement and it was late to start studying river ice in our country , now the freeze - up forecasting precision ca n ' t satisfy the need of preventing ice flood and the freeze - up formula of every reaches is different , being not all - purpose
由于冰凌演变的复杂性及我国冰情研究起步较晚，现在的预报精度尚不能满足防凌需要，且各河段封河预报公式不同，没有通用性。 |
| 9. | Thirdly , there are many river bends and shoals in the inner mongolia reach . ice flood will occur in these places at the break - up time . it is valuable and meaningful to make factor analysis for ice flood and model research for freeze - up time and break - up time
第三，内蒙段成几字型大弯曲，其间浅滩弯道叠出，坡度变缓，逶迤曲折，河中多夹心滩，分流窜沟，解冻开河时，常在河道的曲湾或山宽变窄的狭窄段产生凌汛。 |
| 10. | Based on the agent prediction theory presented by professor s y chen , a nonlinear agent combination forecast model was set up through combining the fuzzy set theory , the neural network theory and the genetic algorithm , and this model was applied to the forecast of ice flood in the yellow river
摘要在现有智慧预测理论的基础上，将模糊集理论、神经网路理论和遗传算法相结合，建立了非线性智慧组合预测模型，并应用于黄河?汛预测中。 |
